Author: ufa
Zomaliza zosalala ndi mipando yamatabwa ya UV ya ufa
Mipando yokutira ya ufa ya UV yokhala ndi zomaliza zosalala komanso zokutira zamatabwa za UV Powder for Smooth, Matt Finishes Blends a ma polyester enaake ndi ma epoxy resins amalola kupanga zomaliza zosalala, za matt zopangira zitsulo ndi MDF. Zovala zosalala, zowoneka bwino za matt zidapaka bwino pamitengo yolimba, pa bolodi yophatikizika ngati beech, phulusa, thundu ndi pa PVC zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyala pansi. Kukhalapo kwa bwenzi la epoxy mu binder kunalimbikitsa kukana kwa mankhwala kwa zokutira zonse. Kusalala bwino kwambiriWerengani zambiri …
Kuyesedwa kwa zokutira Powder
Kuyesa kwa zokutira za ufa Pamwamba Njira Yoyesera Njira (s) Zida Zoyesera Zoyambira Pamwamba Makhalidwe Osalala PCI # 20 Smoothness Standards Gloss ASTM D523 Glossmeter Mtundu ASTM D2244 Colorimeter Kusiyanitsa kwa Zithunzi Zowoneka 3 Zowonera TM2805 Zapadera Zowonera # Physical Observations1186 PC Yapadera Kuwona kwa ASTM 1400 Physical Observations 2794 PC Yapadera Mayeso Athupi Akuluakulu Oyesa Zida Kachitidwe (s) Makulidwe a Mafilimu ASTM D 522 Maginito Filimu Akuluakulu Gauge, ASTM D2197 Eddy Pakalipano Iduce Gauge Impact ASTM D3359 Impact Tester Flexibility ASTM D3363 Conical or Cylindrical Cylindrical or Cylindrical Cylindrical Thick Gauge, ASTM D4060 Eddy Current Iduce Gauge Impact ASTM D968 Impact Tester Flexibility ASTM D296 Conical or Cylindrical Cylindrical or Cylindrical Cylindrical Thick Gauge, ASTM D3170 Eddy Current Induce Gauge Impact ASTM DXNUMX Impact Tester Flexibility ASTM DXNUMX Conical or Cylindrical Cylindrical or Cylindrical Cylindrical ASTMXNUMXAXNUMX Bandre ASTMXNUMXAXNUMX ATMXNUMXAdhecra ATMXNUMXATMXNUMX ATMXNUMX Adhecra ATMXNUMX ATMXNUMX Adhecra ASTMXNUMXAXNUMX Bandre ASTMXNUMXAXNUMX ATMXNUMXAXNUMXDH Cross Hatch Cutting Chipangizo ndi Kuuma Kwamatepi ASTM DXNUMX Zojambula Zowoneka bwino kapena Mapensulo Abrasion Resistance ASTM DXNUMX Taber Abrader ndi Abrasive Wheels ASTM DXNUMX Edge Coverage ASTM XNUMX Standard Substrate ndi Micrometer Chip Resistance Chip Resistance ASTM DXNUMX Mayeso Manda Akuluakulu (ASTM DXNUMX) ntal Characteristics Solvent Resistance MEK kapena Stain Resistance inaWerengani zambiri …
Qualicoat-Mayeso Njira ndi Zofunika
Njira ndi Zofunikira Zoyeserera za Qualicoat-Mayeso a Qualicoat-Mayeso omwe afotokozedwa pansipa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zinthu zomwe zatha komanso/kapena zokutira kuti zivomerezedwe (onani mitu 4 ndi 5). Pakuyesa kwamakina (ndime 2.6, 2.7 ndi 2.8), mapanelo oyesera ayenera kupangidwa ndi aloyi AA 5005-H24 kapena -H14 (AlMg 1 - semihard) ndi makulidwe a 0.8 kapena 1 mm, pokhapokha atavomerezedwa ndi Technical Komiti. Mayeso pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kuyezetsa dzimbiri ayenera kuchitidwa pa zigawo extruded opangidwaWerengani zambiri …
Ufa wokutira lalanje peels maonekedwe
Ufa wokutira mapeyala alalanje Maonekedwe Owoneka bwino kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina zoyezera amawonetsa chida kapena pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya mvuvu kuti awone ndi kufananiza mawonekedwe a ufa wa peel lalanje. (1) zithunzi njira Mu mayesowa chitsanzo cha awiri chubu fulorosenti. Chitsanzo cha gwero la kuwala konyezimira chikhoza kupezedwa ndi boilerplate yoyikidwa moyenera. Kusanthula koyenera kwa kumveka bwino kwa kuwala komwe kumawonekera kuchokera ku kawonedwe kowonekera kamene kamayenda ndi kusuntha. MuWerengani zambiri …
Coating kupanga ndondomeko
Njira yopangira zokutira imatha kugawidwa m'magulu osungunuka kuti apange filimu yokutira yokweza magawo atatu. Pa kutentha kwapatsidwa, ulamuliro wosungunula coalescence mlingo chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi kusungunuka kwa utomoni, mamasukidwe akayendedwe a dziko losungunuka la particles ufa ndi kukula kwa particles ufa. Kuti bwino coalescence wa osungunula adzakhala posachedwapa, kuti nthawi yaitali kumaliza kusalaza gawo otaya zotsatira. TheWerengani zambiri …
TGIC m'malo mwa Chemistries mu zokutira ufa-Hydroxyalkylamide (HAA)
Hydroxyalkylamide(HAA) TGIC Replacement Chemistries Popeza tsogolo la TGIC silikudziwika, opanga akufufuza yofanana nayo. Mankhwala a HAA monga Primid XL-552, opangidwa ndi odziwika ndi Rohm ndi Haas, adayambitsidwa. Choyipa chachikulu pa zowumitsa zotere ndikuti, popeza njira yawo yochizira ndi kachitidwe ka condensation, makanema omwe amafika makulidwe opitilira 2 mpaka 2.5 mils (50 mpaka 63 ma microns) amatha kuwonetsa kutulutsa mpweya, kupindika, komanso kusayenda bwino ndi kusanja. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pamene iziWerengani zambiri …
Polyaspartic Coating Technology
Chemistry imachokera ku zomwe aliphatic polyisocyanate ndi polyaspartic ester, yomwe ndi aliphatic diamine. Ukadaulowu udagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira popangira zida ziwiri za polyurethane zosungunulira zonyamula zosungunulira chifukwa ma esters a polyaspartic ndi abwino kwambiri opangira zokutira zolimba zolimba za polyurethane. ester ndiye chigawo chachikulu cha co-reactant pakuchita ndi polyisocyanate. The wapadera ndiWerengani zambiri …
AntiCorrosive Pigments
M'tsogolomu pakupanga mitundu yotsutsa kuwononga inki ndikupeza mitundu ya pigment yopanda chromate ndi heavy metal ndikupita ku sub-micron ndi nanotechnology anti corrosive pigments ndi zokutira zanzeru zomva dzimbiri. Zovala zanzeru zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi ma microcapsules okhala ndi pH indicator kapena corrosion inhibitor kapena/ndi zodzichiritsa zokha. Chigoba cha microcapsule chimasweka pansi pazikhalidwe za pH. Chizindikiro cha pH chimasintha mtundu ndikumasulidwa ku microcapsule pamodzi ndi corrosion inhibitor ndi /Werengani zambiri …
Momwe Imagwirira Ntchito-Tribo Charging Njira
The nawuza wa particles ufa mu tribo mfuti zimatheka ndi kukangana kwa zipangizo ziwiri zosiyana akubwera kukhudzana wina ndi mzake. (Onani chithunzi #2.) Pankhani yamfuti zambiri za tribo, ma elekitironi amachotsedwa ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ufa pamene akukhudzana ndi khoma lamfuti kapena chubu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi teflon. Izi zimabweretsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tisiye ma elekitironi omwe amasiya ndi mtengo wabwino. The positive charged powder particle is an transportedWerengani zambiri …
Njira Yolipirira Corona-Momwe Imagwirira Ntchito
Pakulipira kwa corona, mphamvu yamagetsi yayikulu imapangidwa pa electrode yomwe ili mkati kapena pafupi ndi mtsinje wa ufa. Ndi mfuti zambiri za corona izi zimachitika pamene ufa umatuluka mumfuti. (Onani chithunzi #l.) Munda wa ayoni umapangidwa pakati pa elekitirodi ndi chinthu chokhazikika. Ufa womwe umadutsa m'mundawu umamenyedwa ndi ayoni, umakhala wothira, ndipo umakopeka ndi chinthu chomwe chili pansi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ufa timadziunjikira pa chinthu chokhazikika ndipo timasungidwa motalika motalikaWerengani zambiri …
Chifukwa Chophimba Powder
Chifukwa Chopaka Powder ZOKHUDZA ZOKHUDZA ZOCHULUKA Kupambana kwa mapeto okutidwa ndi ufa kumatsagana ndi kupulumutsa ndalama zambiri, poyerekeza ndi makina opaka madzi. Popeza ufa ulibe ma VOC, mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhetsa popopera ufa ukhoza kubwerezedwanso ku mbewuyo, ndikuchotsa mtengo wotenthetsera kapena kuziziritsa mpweya. Mavuvuni omwe amachiritsa zokutira zosungunulira amayenera kutentha ndi kutulutsa mpweya wambiri kuonetsetsa kuti utsi wosungunulirawo usafike pamlingo womwe ungathe kuphulika. NdiWerengani zambiri …
Kuyerekeza kwa zokutira za UV ndi zokutira zina
Kufananiza zokutira za UV ndi zokutira zina Ngakhale kuchiritsa kwa UV kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda kwazaka zopitilira makumi atatu (ndi njira yokhazikika yopaka pakompyuta ya compact disk screen ndi lacquering mwachitsanzo), zokutira za UV zikadali zatsopano komanso kukula. Zamadzimadzi za UV zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamilandu yama foni apulasitiki, ma PDA ndi zida zina zamagetsi zam'manja. Zovala za ufa za UV zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zapakatikati za fiberboard zapakatikati. Ngakhale pali zofanana zambiri ndi mitundu ina ya zokutira,Werengani zambiri …
Kodi Kupaka kwa Polyurea ndi Kupaka kwa Polyurethane ndi chiyani
Kupaka kwa Polyurea ndi Kupaka kwa Polyurethane Kupaka kwa Polyurea Kupaka kwa Polyurea kwenikweni kumakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zozikidwa pa Amine yothetsedwa prepolymer yolumikizidwa ndi Isocyanate yomwe imapanga kulumikizana kwa urea. The crosslinking pakati zotakasika ma polima zimachitika pa liwiro lachangu pa kutentha yozungulira. Nthawi zambiri izi sizifuna chothandizira chilichonse. Popeza Mphika-moyo wa ❖ kuyanika koteroko ndi mkati masekondi; mtundu wapadera wa Plural Mfuti ya spray ndi yofunika kuti mugwiritse ntchito. Zovala zimatha kupanga mpaka 500 mpakaWerengani zambiri …
Kodi Moisture-cured polyurethane ndi chiyani
Kodi Moisture-cured polyurethane Moisture-curd polyurethane ndi gawo limodzi la polyurethane lomwe kuchiza kwake kumayambira chinyezi cha chilengedwe. Polyurethane yochiritsira chinyezi imakhala ndi isocyanate-terminated pre-polymer. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pre-polymer ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupereka katundu wofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ma polyether polyether polyols a isocyanate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azitha kusinthasintha chifukwa cha kutentha kwa magalasi otsika. Kuphatikiza gawo lofewa, monga polyether, ndi gawo lolimba, monga polyurea, limapereka kuuma kwabwino komanso kusinthasintha kwa zokutira. Komanso, katundu amalamulidwa ndiWerengani zambiri …
Miyezo 7 Yoyesa Kukaniza Kwanyengo kwa Zopaka Ufa
Pali miyezo 7 yoyesa kukana kwanyengo kwa zokutira zaufa. Kukaniza matope Kuthamanga kwa ukalamba ndi kulimba kwa UV (QUV) Saltspraytest Kesternich-yezetseni ku Florida-kuyesa Humiditytest (nyengo yotentha) Chemical Resistance Resistance to matope Malinga ndi ASTM C207. Dongo linalake lidzalumikizidwa ndi zokutira ufa pa 24h pa 23 ° C ndi 50% ya chinyezi. Kufulumira kukalamba ndi kulimba kwa UV (QUV) Mayesowa mu QUV-waarometer amakhala ndi mikombero iwiri. Ma testpanels okhala ndi 2h amawululidwa ndi kuwala kwa UV ndiWerengani zambiri …
Electrostatic Spraying Nozzle
Gulu la electrostatic kupopera nozzle Electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa akhoza kugawidwa mu njira mpweya kapena hayidiroliki atomizing electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, centrifugal electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, etc.; Electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa akhoza kugawidwa mu njira mpweya kapena hayidiroliki atomizing electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, centrifugal electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, etc.; mwachindunji nozzle electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, electrostatic kutsitsi wa Y-mtundu nozzle chandamale nozzle electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa akhoza kugawidwa malinga ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a nozzle; mogwirizana ndi utoto akhoza kugawidwa mu chikhalidwe chosiyana chaWerengani zambiri …
Njira ziwiri zopangira zokutira zokhala ndi kukana kwapadera kwa mar
Pali njira ziwiri zomwe zilipo zopangira zokutira zokhala ndi mar resistance. Akhoza kupangidwa molimba mokwanira kuti chinthu chomangiriracho sichimalowa pamtunda; kapena Zitha kupangidwa zotanuka mokwanira kuti zibwezeretsedwe pambuyo pochotsa kupsinjika kosokoneza. Ngati njira yowuma imasankhidwa, chophimbacho chiyenera kukhala ndi kuuma kochepa. Komabe, zokutira zotere zimatha kulephera mwa kusweka. Kusinthasintha kwamakanema ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimathandizira kukana kwa fracture. Kugwiritsa ntchito 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate m'malo mwaWerengani zambiri …
Zomangamanga zakunjaral gloss zokutira kusankha pigment
Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya ma pigment a TiO2: omwe amapangidwa ndi enamel m'munsimu Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (CPVC), omwe amafanana ndi zokutira zonyezimira komanso zowala pang'ono, komanso zomwe zimakulitsa masinthidwe azinthu zopaka pamwamba pa CPVC (gawo lathyathyathya). Zomangamanga zakunjaral Kusankha kwa pigment kwa gloss kumatengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi Particle Size Distribution yomwe imathandizira kuti chinthucho chipereke kuwala kwakunja kwapamwamba.Werengani zambiri …
Kuphulika kwa abrasive pokonzekera zitsulo
Kuphulika kwa abrasive nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zitsulo zolemera kwambiriral zigawo, makamaka ma weldments a HRS. Ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yochotsera ma encrustations ndi mafuta a carbonized omwe ali ndi mtundu uwu wa mankhwala. Ntchito zophulitsa zitha kukhala zamanja kapena zokha ndipo zitha kuyikidwa ngati gawo la pulogalamu yolumikizira ufa kapena ngati batch process.Chida chophulitsa chikhoza kukhala mtundu wa nozzle kapena mtundu wa gudumu la centrifugal. Monga tanena kale, nozzleWerengani zambiri …
Ubwino Wopaka Powder Wochiritsira wa UV
Zovala za Powder zochiritsika ndi UV Ubwino Zotizira za ufa zochizika ndi UV ndi imodzi mwamafakitale othamanga kwambiri opaka utoto omwe alipo. Kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto ntchito yonse yomaliza MDF imatenga mphindi 20 kapena kuchepera, kutengera chemistry ndi gawo la geometry, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yomaliza bwino ntchito zomwe zimafuna kutembenuka mwachangu. Gawo lomalizidwa limafunikira chovala chimodzi chokha, kulola kuchulukirachulukira ndi 40 mpaka 60 peresenti ya mphamvu zochepa kuposa njira zina zomaliza. Njira yochiritsira UV ndiyosavuta kuposa matekinoloje ena omaliza. KuchiritsaWerengani zambiri …
Zomwe zimakhudza kusanja kwa zokutira zaufa
Zomwe Zimakhudza Kukwera kwa Powder Coatings Ufa wokutira ndi mtundu watsopano wa zokutira zopanda zosungunulira za 100% za ufa wolimba. Lili ndi magulu awiri akuluakulu: zokutira za ufa wa thermoplastic ndi zokutira za ufa wa thermosetting. Utoto umapangidwa ndi utomoni, pigment, filler, machiritso wothandizira ndi zina zothandizira, zosakanikirana ndi gawo linalake, ndiyeno zimakonzedwa ndi kutulutsa kotentha ndi kusefa ndi kusefa. Iwo amasungidwa firiji, khola, electrostatic kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kapena fluidized bedi kuviika ❖ kuyanika, reheating ndi kuphika Sungunulani solidification, kotero kutiWerengani zambiri …
Kodi zokutira za ufa wamadzimadzi ndizokwanira pazogulitsa zanu?
Pali asanu ndi awiriral mafunso ofunikira kufunsidwa. Choyamba, popeza fluidized bedi ufa ❖ kuyanika jiniralimagwiritsa ntchito zokutira zokulirapo, kodi gawo lomalizira lingapirire kusintha kwa mawonekedwe? Mosiyana ndi zokutira za electrostatic, zokutira zamadzimadzi zimatha kupangaralkusalaza pang'ono pang'ono pazigawo, monga manambala ojambulidwa, zolakwika zachitsulo, ndi zina zambiri. Izi zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri pazigawo zomwe zovuta za Faraday Cage zimakhala zovuta. Zida zamawaya welded ndi zitsanzo zabwino. Electrostatic spray imakhala yovuta kulowaWerengani zambiri …
Kusiyana Pakati pa Cold Rolled Steel ndi Hot Rolled Steel
Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Zitsulo Zozizira Zozizira ndi Zitsulo Zotentha Zozizira: Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi powdercoater, mankhwalawa amapangidwa kuti azitha kulolerana komanso kutsirizika bwino pamwamba, oyenera kupondaponda, kupanga, ndi zojambula zolimbitsa thupi. . Zinthu izi zimatha kupindika popanda kusweka. Maziko abwino a zokutira kutembenuka kwa phosphate. Malangizo a Prepreatment ndi Oyera, Phosphate, muzimutsuka, ndikusindikiza kapena kutsuka. Chitsulo chotentha: Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon choyeneraWerengani zambiri …
Zovala zopanda ufa za TGIC zimapereka phindu lopulumutsa ndalama
Zosankha zokutira zaufa zopanda TGIC zilipo ndipo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga padziko lonse lapansi kuti akwaniritse zomaliza zokhazikika monga zokutira ufa wa TGIC. Ndipotu, alipo asanu ndi awiriral zabwino zaukadaulo watsopano. Sichimapereka kulimba kwakunja kokha, komanso kupititsa patsogolo kachitidwe ka makina, komanso kuyenda ndi kusanja katundu. Zovala zopanda ufa za TGIC zimapereka phindu lopulumutsa ndalama kwa omaliza popereka mwayi wapamwamba wosinthira chiphaso choyamba. Makampani omwe asintha kukhala zokutira zaulere za TGIC awonetsa kusintha kwabwino kwa chiphaso choyamba chaWerengani zambiri …
Pearlescent ufa wokutira, Malangizo musanamangidwe
Malangizo musanayambe kupaka utoto wa pearlescent pigment yokhala ndi cholozera chosawoneka bwino, chowoneka bwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe azithunzithunzi zowongolera, pakuwala kowala, kuwunikira mobwerezabwereza, kunyezimira ndikuwonetsa pigment yonyezimira ya ngale. Palibe kuvomereza kulikonse kwa mapulateleti a pigment kungapangitse kuwala kwa kristalo, kuti apange ngale ndi mtundu, chofunikira ndi mkhalidwe wa ma lamellae pearlescent pigments ndi pa.rallel kwa wina ndi mzake ndi anakonza mizere pamodzi pamwamba paWerengani zambiri …
Ubwino wa zokutira ufa wa fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbon powder ❖ kuyanika ndi poly-vinylidene fluoride resin nCH2CF2 kuphika (CH2CF2) n (PVDF) monga zakuthupi m'munsi kapena ndi zitsulo zotayidwa zitsulo zotayira ufa ❖ kuyanika kwa tona. Bond wa fluorine / carbonized fluorocarbon m'munsi zakuthupi mu dongosolo mankhwala molumikizana ndi dongosolo la chikhalidwe chokhala ndi fungulo lalifupi limaphatikizidwa ndi ayoni wa haidrojeni khola olimba kuphatikiza, pa bata ndi kulimba kwa kapangidwe mankhwala osiyanasiyana thupi katundu wa utoto wa fluorocarbon mkatiWerengani zambiri …
Mbadwo wamakono wa Eddy mu kondakitala wazitsulo
A.1 General Zida zamakono za Eddy zimagwira ntchito pa mfundo yakuti malo okwera kwambiri a electromagnetic opangidwa ndi makina a probe a chipangizocho atulutsa mafunde a eddy mu conductor yamagetsi yomwe probe imayikidwa. Mafunde awa amabweretsa kusintha kwa matalikidwe ndi/kapena gawo la probe coil impedance, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati muyeso wa makulidwe a zokutira pa kondakitala (onani Chitsanzo 1) kapena kondakitalayo (onani ChitsanzoWerengani zambiri …
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakubwezeretsanso kupaka ufa
Chofunika kwambiri pakupakanso zokutira zaufa komanso kunena zoona, popaka zokutira kosiyana pa zokutira zomwe zayikidwa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zokutira zatsopano sizingakweze kapena kukwinya wakale. Yang'anani zokutira zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lacquer thinner thinner ponyowetsa pamwamba ndikuzipaka kangapo ndi nsalu yonyowa. Ngati palibe kufewetsa mopitirira muyeso, ❖ kuyanika kuyenera kukhala kwabwino kuti kupakanso ndi madzi atsopanoWerengani zambiri …
Kodi Mafilimu Ovuta Ndi Chiyani
The kuuma kwa ufa utoto filimu amatanthauza kukana utoto filimu pambuyo kuyanika ali olimba, mwachitsanzo filimu pamwamba udindo wina pa kuuma kwambiri zinthu ntchito. Izi kukana anasonyeza filimu angaperekedwe ndi kulemera kwina kwa katundu amachita pa malo ang'onoang'ono kukhudzana, ndi kuyeza luso filimu antideformation kuwonetseredwa, kotero filimu kuuma ndi maganizo kusonyeza chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika.Werengani zambiri …
TS EN ISO 2360 Njira Yoyezera makulidwe a zokutira - ISO XNUMX
TS EN ISO 2360 6 Kayendesedwe ka kuyeza makulidwe a zokutira 6.1 Kuyesa kwa zidaral Musanagwiritse ntchito, chida chilichonse chidzayesedwa molingana ndi malangizo a wopanga, pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yoyenera ya calibration. Chisamaliro chapadera chidzaperekedwa ku kufotokozera zomwe zaperekedwa mu Ndime 3 ndi zinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Ndime 5. Pofuna kuchepetsa kusintha kwa conductivity chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha, pa nthawi ya kuwongolera chida ndi miyeso yoyezera.Werengani zambiri …