Mankhwala pamwamba kukonzekera pamaso ufa ❖ kuyanika
Chemical Surface Kukonzekera
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadera kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha pamwamba chomwe chikutsukidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha kuipitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri ufa wokutira pambuyo poyeretsa ndi zitsulo, chitsulo, kapena aluminiyamu. Popeza sizinthu zonse zokonzekera zamtundu wamankhwala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zonsezi, njira yokonzekera yosankhidwa imadalira gawo lapansi. Pazinthu zilizonse, mtundu wa kuyeretsa udzakambidwa ndipo mawonekedwe ake apadera a gawolo adzafotokozedwa. Kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachindunji ndi kofanana pa chilichonse.
KUYERETSA ZINTHU ZONSE
Oyeretsa Zamchere
Zotsukira zamchere zachitsulo chamalata nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mchere wambiri wamchere womwe suwononga nthaka. Nthawi zina, pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono wa caustic soda waulere angakhalepo mu chotsuka kuti achotse dothi lovuta kapena kuti apereke etch yomwe mukufuna. Zoyeretsazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mphamvu, kumiza, kuyeretsa pamagetsi, kapena kupukuta pamanja.
Mu njira yopopera mphamvu, zigawo zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa zimayimitsidwa mumsewu pamene njira yoyeretsera imapopedwa kuchokera ku tanki yogwiritsira ntchito ndikupopera, mopanikizika, pazigawozo. Njira yoyeretsera ndiye imabwerezedwa mosalekeza. Kuthamanga kwa utsi kumayambira 4 mpaka 40 psi.
Mu njira yomiza, ziwalo zotsukidwa zimangomizidwa mumtsuko wa zotsukira zomwe zili muzitsulo zofewa kapena zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Electrocleaning ndi njira yapadera yoyeretsera kumiza komwe madzi olunjika amadutsa mu yankho. Ziwalo zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa zimapachikidwa mu yankho ndipo ndi anode, pamene ma electrode ena amakhala ngati cathode. Electrocleaning ndi yothandiza kwambiri kuposa kumizidwa mopanda kumiza chifukwa cha kukolopa kwa thovu la gasi lomwe limapangidwa pamwamba pa gawolo.
Njira yopukutira m'manja yogwiritsira ntchito imapeza phindu lowonjezereka kuchokera ku zochitika zakuthupi zochotsa dothi pamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu kapena siponji, ndi chotsuka chomwe chimathandizira kusungunuka kwa dothi.
Zotsukira zamchere nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinki zokhala ndi malata m'magawo awiri - siteji yoyeretsera ndi yotsukira madzi. Ziwalo zotsukidwa nthawi zambiri zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku gawo lina kupita ku lina pambuyo powonekera bwino poyeretsa. Njira zina zoyeretsera ndi kutsuka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pakufunika. Mankhwala osambira amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amasungidwa pa kutentha kwapakati pa 80 ndi 200 ° F (27 ndi 93 ° C). Nthawi zambiri kutentha kumakhala 120 mpaka 150 ° F (49 mpaka 66 ° C) popopera ndi 150 ° F (66 ° C) pomiza. Nthawi yomwe magawowa amakumana ndi mankhwalawa ndi pakati pa masekondi 30 ndi mphindi 5+. Generally, ndi 1 mpaka 2 mphindi yopopera ndi mphindi 2 mpaka 5 yomiza. Kuti zikhale zogwira mtima, kuchuluka kwa njira zoyeretsera zamchere zotere ziyenera kukhala pakati pa 1/4 ndi 16 odgal (2 mpaka 120 g/L). Nthawi zambiri, muutsiku ndi 1/2 mpaka 1 odgal (4 mpaka 8 g/L) ndi kumizidwa 6 mpaka 12 odgal (45 mpaka 90 g/L).
Okwera mtengo kwambiri mwa mitundu iyi ndi electrocleaner, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi osambira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mtengo wamagetsi kwa electrocleaner. Chotsika mtengo kwambiri ndi chotsukira kutsitsi, chopukuta ndi manja penapake pakati. Mtundu wa alkaline, mpaka pano, ndiwothandiza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri pougwiritsa ntchito. Kuti muchepetse magwiridwe antchito, njira zogwiritsira ntchito zitha kusintharally kuvoteredwa monga: electrocleaning, kuyeretsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kumiza m'madzi, ndi kupukuta m'manja.
Zoyeretsa Acid
Zotsukira asidi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kuyeretsa zitsulo. Mwa zotsukira asidi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mtundu wodziwika bwino ungakhale mchere wa acidic pang'ono, wosawononga kwambiri zinc pamwamba. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti pali zida zapadera zotsukira asidi zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zichotse zoyera zoyera pamalo opaka malata.
Mu njira yopopera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito, zigawo zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa zimayimitsidwa mumsewu pamene njira yoyeretsera imapopedwa kuchokera ku tanki yosungiramo ndikupopera pansi pa kupanikizika pazigawozo. Njira yoyeretserayo imatsanuliridwanso mu thanki yosungiramo ndikuzunguliranso. Ntchito zopopera, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, ndi kukhetsa madzi zimachitika nthawi imodzi komanso mosalekeza.
Pamene njira yomiza yogwiritsira ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, zigawo zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa zimangomizidwa mumtsuko wa zotsukira zomwe zili muzitsulo zofewa kapena zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Electrocleaning yokhala ndi zotsukira asidi ndi mtundu wapadera wotsuka womiza momwe madzi olunjika amadutsa munjira. Ziwalo zomwe zimatsukidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala anode, pomwe ma electrode ena amakhala ngati cathode. Electrocleaning nthawi zambiri imapanga malo oyera kuposa kumizidwa kopanda kumiza chifukwa cha kutsuka kwa thovu la okosijeni lomwe limatuluka pamwamba pa gawolo. Mpweyawu umachitika chifukwa cha electrolysis ya madzi.
Njira yopukutira m'manja imapeza phindu lowonjezera kuchokera ku makina othandizira kusuntha nthaka pamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu kapena siponji ndi chotsukira chomwe chimathandizira kusungunuka kwa dothi.
Zotsukira asidi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinki zokhala ndi malata m'magawo awiri: siteji yoyeretsa ndi kutsuka kwamadzi. Magawo owonjezera, kuyeretsa ndi kutsuka, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pakufunika. Mankhwala osambira amasungidwa pa kutentha kwa 80 mpaka 200 ° F (27 mpaka 93 ° C); kawirikawiri 100 mpaka 140 ° F (38 mpaka 60 ° C) popopera ndi 140 mpaka 180 ° F (60 mpaka 82 ° C) C) kwa kumizidwa. Ziwalozo zimawululidwa ku ma chemi cals kwa masekondi 30 mpaka 5 + mphindi; nthawi zambiri 1 mpaka 2 mphindi yopopera ndi 2 mpaka 5 mphindi yomiza. Mayankho amasungidwa pamlingo wa 1/4 mpaka 16 odgal (2 mpaka 120 gL); kawirikawiri 1/2 mpaka 1 odgal (4 mpaka 8 gL) ya kupopera ndi 4 mpaka 12 odgal (30 mpaka 90 g/L) yomiza.
Kuti muchepetse magwiridwe antchito, njira zogwiritsira ntchito zitha kusintharally kuvoteredwa monga: electrocleaning, kuyeretsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kumiza m'madzi, ndi kupukuta m'manja.
Neutral Oyeretsa
A neutral zotsukira (monga kanagwiritsidwa kanasonkhezereka zitsulo) zikhoza kukhala surfactants yekha, neutral mchere kuphatikizapo surfactants, kapena surfactants ndi zina organic zina. A neutral chotsuka chingatanthauzidwe ngati chotsuka chilichonse chomwe, poyankha, chingalembetse pakati pa 6 ndi 8 pa sikelo ya pH.
Ndi njira yopopera mphamvu, mbali zotsukidwa zimayimitsidwa mumsewu pomwe njira yoyeretsera imapopedwa mu thanki yosungira ndikupopera, mopanikizika, pazigawozo. Njira yoyeretsera imabwerezedwa mosalekeza. Kuthamanga kwa utsi kumayambira 4 mpaka 40 psi.
Mu njira yomiza yogwiritsira ntchito, zigawo zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa zimangomizidwa mumtsuko wa zotsukira zomwe zili muzitsulo zofewa kapena zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Apanso, kupukuta pamanja kuli ndi phindu lowonjezera kuchokera ku makina othandizira kusuntha nthaka pamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu kapena siponji, ndi chotsuka chomwe chimathandiza kusungunula dothi.
Neutral oyeretsa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri: malo oyeretsera ndi kutsuka madzi. Magawo owonjezera, kuyeretsa ndi kutsuka, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pakufunika. Zothetserazo zimachitika pa kutentha kwa 80 mpaka 200 ° F (26 mpaka 93 ° C); nthawi zambiri 120 mpaka 160°F (49 mpaka 71°C) popopera ndi 150 mpaka 180°F (66 mpaka 82°C) pomizidwa. Zigawo zimawululidwa kwa masekondi 30 mpaka 5+ mphindi; nthawi zambiri 1 mpaka 2 mphindi yopopera ndi 2 mpaka 5 mphindi yomiza.
Mayankho amachitidwa pagulu la 1/4 mpaka 16 odgal (2 mpaka 120 gL); kawirikawiri 1 mpaka 2 odgal (8 mpaka 16 gL) yopopera ndi 8 mpaka 14 odgal (60 mpaka 105 g/L) yomiza. Neutral zotsukira sizigwira ntchito ngati zotsukira zoyambira. Amakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati precleaner.
Mankhwala pamwamba kukonzekera